#HEAR SYNONYM SERIES#

In a study by PГјrilГ¤ and colleagues, 86 the crackles of pulmonary fibrosis began at 45% of inspiration, whereas those of nonfibrotic lung conditions were heard earlier: COPD at 25%, bronchiectasis at 33%, and heart failure at 37% of inspiration. Nath and Capel 85 have shown that late-inspiratory crackles are more often found in restrictive than obstructive lung disease. The timing of crackles is also important. After several such breaths or intentional coughing, these fine crackles will disappear if the small airways remain open throughout the time the patient is being examined. Crackles therefore are best heard during the first deep breaths at the lung bases posteriorly.

This is also compatible with the presence of crackles in healthy elderly persons in whom dependent airways close at resting lung volumes. 79,84 This explains why fine crackles are much more common during inspiration than during expiration and why they are best heard over dependent lung regions-where airways are more likely to close-than over uppermost regions. There is general agreement that the brief recurrent detonations that characterize fine crackles are caused by the explosive openings of small airways that had closed owing to the surface forces within them.

#HEAR SYNONYM SERIES#

Murray MD, in Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2016 Discontinuous Sounds (Crackles)Д¬rackles, still often referred to as вЂњralesвЂќ in the United States and вЂњcrepitationsвЂќ in Great Britain, consist of a series of short, explosive, nonmusical sounds that punctuate the underlying breath sound fine crackles ( Audio 16-4 ) are softer, shorter in duration, and higher in pitch than coarse crackles ( Audio 16-5). If crackles are absent when upright but appear either when supine or with legs elevated, the test is positive (i.e., the patient has posturally induced crackles). 72 The clinician listens only after the patient has been in each position for 3 minutes. To elicit the finding, the clinician listens to the lower chest wall near the posterior axillary line with the patient in three sequential positions: sitting, supine, and supine with legs elevated 30 degrees. The finding posturally induced crackles, which may have significance after myocardial infarction (see the section on Clinical Significance, later), describes crackles that appear in the supine position but disappear in the sitting position. 54 Many American clinicians still use the word rale as a synonym for crackle, although British clinicians more often use crackle. Crackles that appear early during inspiration and do not continue beyond mid-inspiration are called early inspiratory crackles those that continue into the second half of inspiration are called late inspiratory crackles. There are coarse crackles, which are loud, low pitched, and fewer in number per breath, and fine crackles, which are soft, higher pitched, and greater in number per breath. Steven McGee MD, in Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis (Fourth Edition), 2018 1 CracklesД¬rackles are discontinuous sounds, resembling the sound produced by rubbing strands of hair together in front of the ear or by pulling apart strips of Velcro.

Hear synonym